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Since operationalising the concept of ideology with universal validity is extremely difficult, there is an ideological approach to identifying the similarities and differences of all types of ideologies by studying their characteristics motives, functions and influences over all the fields of a society or nation. Particularly in a broad sense, the concept of ideology has been used as a synonym of consciousness, speculation, the world of symbolisation, the system of thoughts, mind, and etc., which were all defined by Hegel, Marx, and the philosophers of French Enlightenment. Furthermore this broad concept contains in its scope all kinds of political as well as religious ideologies, including liberal democracy, national ism, social democracyl social ism communism, and etc. On the other hand, the specific concept of ideology in a narrow sense, meaning the thought alienated from reality and including false consciousness, refers to those such as the creeds of vested-interest groups, the platforms of political parties, individual person’s discussion, presentation of defending grounds, short-term planning, justification of individual person’s behaviour, and etc. In addition to this approach, there is also another approach to the values of ideological concept as a method to systematize ideologies. There could be three different perceptions of (1) negative, (2) neutral, and in some cases (3) positive ways regarding ideologies connected with what human being has granted values to his physical world, society, and history. This paper is aimed at reviewing and contrasting the processes of idealogical development from the Marx’s negative view to the Carl Manheim’s neutral position and Lehmbruch’s positive perception regarding the historical, developmental processes of ideolgies.
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